Kaskaskia Native American Tribe Their Family and Clan Relationships

Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands of North America

The Kaskaskia were one of the ethnic peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands. They were one of well-nigh a dozen cognate tribes that made up the Illiniwek Confederation, also called the Illinois Confederation. Their longstanding homeland was in the Great Lakes region. Their first contact with Europeans reportedly occurred near present-twenty-four hours Green Bay, Wisconsin, in 1667 at a Jesuit mission station.

Postal service-contact history [edit]

European explorers [edit]

Map of the Several Villages in the Illinois Country with Part of the River Mississippi, by Thomas Hutchins, 1851, showing "Kaskaskias Village" near Fort Chartres.

In 1673, Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette and French-Canadian explorer Louis Jolliet became the first Europeans known to have descended the Mississippi River. The record of their trip is the earliest, all-time tape of contact between Europeans and the Illinois Indians. Marquette and Jolliet, with five other men, left the mission of St. Ignace at Michilimackinac in two bawl canoes on May 17. To attain the Mississippi River, they travelled across Lake Michigan into Green Bay, upward the Pull a fast one on River and downward the Wisconsin River. Descending the Mississippi, in June, they met the Peoria and Moingwena bands of Illinois at the Haas/Hagerman Site near the mouth of the Des Moines River in Clark County, northeastern Missouri. They met some other Illinois band, the Michigamea, when they reached nowadays-day Arkansas.

They began their render trip from the Michigamea hamlet about July 17, following the Illinois River east to Lake Michigan rather than taking the more northern route along the Wisconsin River. Near modern Utica in LaSalle Canton, Illinois, beyond from Starved Rock, they met the Kaskaskia at the Thousand Village of the Illinois (at present a State Historic Site, also known as the Zimmerman site). The land controlled past the allied Illinois groups extended north from modern Arkansas, through Eastern Missouri and near of Illinois, and west into Iowa, where Des Moines was named after the Moingwena.^[2]

New France missions [edit]

In 1703, the French established a permanent mission, settlement and fort (Fort Kaskaskia Land Historic Site) at Kaskaskia, Illinois, a part of their New French republic colonization of North America.^{[3] [4]}, which was function of the French Illinois Country, later made office of French Louisiana (New France).

French settlers moved in to farm and to exploit the lead mines on the Missouri side of the river. Kaskaskia became the capital of Upper Louisiana, and a larger Fort de Chartres was congenital in 1718, nearby North close to Prairie du Rocher. In the same year, the French imported African slaves from Saint-Domingue (Santo Domingo) to piece of work in the lead mines.^[5] From its beginning, Kaskaskia was a French/Native American settlement, consisting of a few French men and numerous Kaskaskia and other Illinois Indians.

In 1707, the population of the community was estimated at 2,200, the majority of them Illinois Indians who lived somewhat apart. A visitor, writing of Kaskaskia about 1715, said that the village consisted of 400 Illinois men, "very good people," 2 Jesuit missionaries, and "nigh twenty French voyageurs who have settled there and married Indian women."^[half-dozen] Of 21 children whose birth and baptism was recorded in Kaskaskia earlier 1714, 18 mothers were Indian and 20 fathers were French. The offspring of these mixed marriages could become either French or Indian. Considering Indian communities were larger and more complete, they tended to be reared with their mothers and their people and culture. One devout Roman Catholic full-blooded Indian adult female disowned her one-half-breed son for living "amongst the savage nations."^[7] The settlement of Kaskaskia thus had a large population of mixed French and Indigenous beginnings, many of whom worked for fur companies based out of St. Louis, Missouri (a metropolis created subsequently, in 1764, past French traders and settlers who came from New Orleans).^[8]

French and Indian War [edit]

Male person descendants of the French, Indians, and mixed bloods at Kaskaskia became the voyageurs and coureurs des bois who would explore and exploit the Missouri River country. The French wanted to merchandise with all the prairie tribes, and beyond with the Spanish colony in New Mexico; the Spanish were alarmed at their commercial reach. French goals stimulated the expedition of Claude Charles Du Tisne to found merchandise relations with the Plains Indians in 1719. The fate of the Kaskaskia, and the rest of the Illiniwek/Illinois, was irrevocably tied up with that of France. Until their dissolution in France, French Jesuits congenital missions and ministered to the Kaskaskia. By 1763 and the cease of the 7 Years' War in North America (chosen the French and Indian War in the United states of america), the Kaskaskia and other Illinois tribes were greatly in decline. Early French explorers had estimated their original population from 6,000 to more than than 20,000. By the end of the war, their numbers were a fraction of that. Gimmicky historians believe the greatest fatalities during this period were due to new infectious diseases, to which the Native Americans had no immunity.

Turn down [edit]

The causes of refuse are many and varied.^[ix] The Illinois made war with their French allies confronting the almost formidable native nations: to the east, the Iroquois; to the northwest, the Sioux and the Fob; to the south, the Chickasaw and Cherokee; to the west, the Osage Nation. Added to combat losses were the bully losses due to epidemics of European diseases. In 1769, a Peoria warrior killed Pontiac, which brought the wrath of the Dandy Lakes tribes against the Kaskaskia and other Illinois tribes. (Some historians question this legendary retaliation; see the article on Pontiac.) The Ottawa, Sauk, Fox, Miami, Kickapoo and Potawatomi devastated the Illiniwek and occupied their erstwhile tribal range along the Illinois River.

In 1766, the British arrived and established a pocket-sized detachment from Fort de Chartres at Kaskaskia. From 1766 through 1772, this rotating detachment was around 25 men under a inferior officer, detached from Fort de Chartres. In May 1772, when the British abandoned Fort de Chartres, the 18th (Purple Irish) Regiment of Human foot, left a modest detachment of four officers and 50 men at Kaskaskia as an attempt to retain British command over the Illinois Country. Captain Hugh Lord, of the 18th Human foot, was the final British commander in Illinois. The detachment of the 18th Foot was ordered to Detroit in May 1776 and never returned to Illinois. Lord's disengagement was garrisoned in the erstwhile Jesuit chemical compound at Kaskaskia. The post was called Fort Gage only after Fort de Chartres was abased in 1772.^[10]

On July iv, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, George Rogers Clark captured the town and Fort Gage.^[11]

End April 1824, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, French hero of the American Revolutionary War, visited Kaskaskia during his grand tour of the United States, only after having visited Saint Louis (Missouri) ([1]), as a salute to ii towns which were role of the former French Louisiana which was acquired by the United States in 1803.

Etymology [edit]

The name 'Kaskaskia' derives from the old Miami-Illinois give-and-take for the katydid, phonetically kaaskaaskia . This name later appeared in the modernistic Peoria and Miami dialects every bit kaahkaahkia .^[12] This is already seen in Gravier's early-18th century Illinois dictionary, where for the word "caskaskia", he gives "cigale. particular nation Ilinoise, les Kaskaskias".

Today [edit]

The descendants of the Kaskaskia, along with the Wea and Piankeshaw, are enrolled in the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe in Oklahoma.^[thirteen]

Namesakes [edit]

The proper name and term "Kaskaskia" lives on in Illinois:

• The Kaskaskia River, whose headwaters are near Champaign in central Illinois, and whose mouth is near Ellis Grove, Illinois, is named for the native nation once settled throughout its estuarial obviously.
• Kaskaskia College is located near Centralia, Illinois, in rural Clinton County.
• The urban center of DuQuoin, Illinois, carries the proper name of Jean Baptiste DuQuoin (sometimes DuQuoigne), a notable Kaskaskia chieftain of their later history.
• Kaskaskia, Illinois, was the first capital of Illinois.
• The Kaskaskia Baptist Association, located in Patoka, Illinois, uses their proper noun.
• The USS Kaskaskia' carries the name.

See also [edit]

• Illinois confederation
• Jacques Gravier, author of the lexicon
• Pierre Menard, 2d governor of Illinois

References [edit]

1. ^ Warren, Robert Eastward. "Illinois Indians and French Colonists." Illinois Periodicals Online. Retrieved 14 Dec 2013.
2. ^ Stelle, Lenville J.; et al. (2005). "Inoca Ethnohistory Project: Middle Witness Descriptions of the Contact Generation, 1673 -1700". Champaign, Illinois: Center For Social Research, Parkland College. Retrieved April xiv, 2010.
3. ^ https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/oca/Books2009-06/kaskaskiaunderfr00belt/kaskaskiaunderfr00belt.pdf
4. ^ http://www.nps.gov/archTheBicentennial/Symposium2001/Papers/Faherty_FrWilliam.htm, accessed, Apr 14, 2010
5. ^ http://www.kansasgenealogy.com/history/du_tisne.htm, accessed Apr 14, 2010
6. ^ Norall, Frank. Bourgmont, Explorer of the Missouri, 1698-1725. Lincoln: Academy of Nebraska Press, 1988, 107
7. ^ Ekberg, Carl J. French Roots in the Illinois Country: The Mississippi Frontier in Colonial Times, Chicage: University of Illinois Printing, 2000: 153-154
8. ^ Barkwell, Lawrence, Leah Dorion and Darren Préfontaine. "The Metis Homeland: Its Settlements and Communities". PDF. Sixth edition, 2012.
9. ^ See the work of Emily Blasingham, 1000.A. Indiana University, published in Ethnohistory journal)
10. ^ S.M. Baule, The 18th (Royal Irish gaelic) Regiment of Foot, NWTA Courier, July 1997.
11. ^ "Fort Kaskaskia Land Historic Site". Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2010-01-eleven .
12. ^ Costa, David J. 2000. "Miami-Illinois Tribe Names", In John Nichols, ed., Papers of the Xxx-first Algonquian Briefing, pp. 30-53. Winnipeg: Academy of Manitoba.
13. ^ House, Office of the Law Revision Counsel. The states Code 2006, Volume 15. §1224, page 986

External links [edit]

• Kaskaskia, Oklahoma Historical Society
• Lenville J. Stelle, Inoca Ethnohistory Project: Eye Witness Descriptions of the Contact Generation, 1667 - 1700

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskaskia

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